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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a sovereign Arab state on the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. The capital is Riyadh; Jeddah is a major urban center and economic hub. The country covers about 2.15 million square kilometers, making it the largest nation in the Arab world. It borders Jordan and Iraq to the north; Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south, with coastlines along the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The climate is predominantly arid, with extreme heat in many areas.

Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy. The government operates under the Basic Law of Governance; the king serves as head of state and government, with a crown prince as the heir. Executive authority rests with the Council of Ministers, and a consultative Shura Council provides advisory input. The legal system is based on Sharia, supplemented by royal decrees and modern codes in certain areas.

The economy is heavily dependent on oil and gas, with petroleum exports accounting for a large share of revenue. It is a leading member of OPEC and a major energy supplier. Vision 2030 is a broad reform program aiming to diversify the economy, expanding nonoil sectors such as mining, tourism, logistics, and entertainment, and increasing private sector participation and foreign investment.

Demographically, Saudi Arabia has roughly 35–36 million residents, including a large expatriate workforce. Arabic is the official language, and Islam is the state religion, with Mecca and Medina housing the two holiest sites in Islam and hosting the annual Hajj pilgrimage. In recent years, social and economic reforms have gradually expanded cultural and economic openness, particularly regarding women’s rights and public life.