kolesteról

Kolesteról, commonly known as cholesterol, is a type of lipid essential for cellular structure and the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. It exists in the body in esterified and free forms and circulates in the blood bound to lipoproteins.

Most kolesteról is synthesized in the liver, with additional intake from animal-derived foods. Dietary sources include meat, dairy products, and eggs. In the blood, kolesteról is transported by lipoproteins: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to tissues; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) retrieves cholesterol from tissues for return to the liver; very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) also carries triglycerides and cholesterol.

Abnormal kolesteról levels can affect health. High levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular disease; HDL is generally considered protective. Total cholesterol reflects the combined amounts of LDL, HDL, and VLDL.

Measurement and targets. Blood tests report total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides. Common targets are LDL-C below 100 mg/dL for general adults, and below 70 mg/dL for those at high risk; exact targets vary by guidelines.

Management. Diet and lifestyle changes—reducing saturated fats and trans fats, increasing dietary fiber, and regular physical activity—can lower kolesteról. In some cases, medications such as statins, ezetimibe, or PCSK9 inhibitors are used under medical supervision.