kniewinkel

Kniewinkel is a term used in anatomy and biomechanics to describe the angle formed at the knee joint by the alignment of the thigh (femur) and the lower leg (tibia). The angle is typically measured in degrees with the knee joint as the vertex, and it is used to characterize knee position during movement or at rest.

Measurement of the kniewinkel is commonly performed with a goniometer or with digital motion capture systems. The measurement relies on defining the axes of the thigh and the shin and is sensitive to foot position, hip rotation, and the position of the limb during scanning or observation. Different conventions exist for how extension is defined: many biomechanics protocols set 0 degrees at full knee extension with increasing values representing greater flexion, while other conventions use a 180-degree extension reference.

Normal ranges for knee flexion vary with age and individual factors. In healthy adults, active knee flexion typically spans about 0 to 125–135 degrees. Functional activities often require about 0 to 110 degrees of flexion. During gait, the knee is near 0 degrees at heel strike, rises to roughly 15–20 degrees in mid-stance, and can reach around 60 degrees during the swing phase, with greater flexion observed in activities such as stair climbing or squatting.

Clinical relevance centers on assessing and monitoring knee range of motion after injury or surgery, planning rehabilitation, and evaluating functional mobility. The kniewinkel is also used in sports science to analyze performance and in ergonomics to optimize seating and leg clearance.

See also: knee joint, knee range of motion, gait analysis, rehabilitation, osteoarthritis.