klimakteriesymptom

Klimakteriesymptom refers to the collection of physical, psychological, and hormonal changes experienced by women during the transition into menopause, also known as the climacteric period. The stage begins years before the final menstrual period (FMP) and continues for several years afterward. During this time, ovarian estrogen and progesterone production decline, leading to a range of symptoms that vary in severity among individuals.

Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness, which arise from fluctuations in core body temperature and the decrease in lubricating secretions, respectively. Mood changes, such as irritability or depression, may accompany hormonal instability. Sleep disturbances, reduced libido, and joint or muscle aches are also frequently reported. Cognitive symptoms such as memory lapses or difficulty concentrating can occur, though they are not specific to menopause.

Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical history and symptom assessment. Routine hormone testing (estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone) is rarely necessary unless irregular bleeding is present. Gynecological evaluation rules out alternative causes such as thyroid dysfunction or anemia. The Menopause Rating Scale and the Greene Climacteric Scale are validated tools for quantifying symptom burden.

Management strategies vary from lifestyle modifications—regular physical activity, stress reduction, and a balanced diet—to pharmacologic interventions. Low‑dose conjugated estrogen or menopausal hormone therapy can relieve vasomotor and vaginal symptoms in women without contraindications. Non‑hormonal options like SSRIs, drospirenone‑conjugated estrogen, or over‑the‑counter agents help with hot flashes. Vaginal lubricants or estrogen gels treat dryness. Cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise programs are effective for mood and sleep issues. When symptoms are severe or impact quality of life, individual assessment guides the choice of therapy, balancing benefits against risks such as cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.