kardiovaszkuláris

Kardiovaszkuláris is an adjective used in Hungarian to describe matters related to the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and the circulatory system. In medical usage, kardiovaszkuláris conditions refer to diseases affecting these structures or their function.

Anatomy and physiology: The heart pumps blood through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. It consists of atria and ventricles, while vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. Cardiac output, blood pressure, and vascular resistance determine tissue perfusion and overall circulatory efficiency.

Common disorders and risk factors: Cardiovascular diseases encompass coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Risk factors include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, age, and family history. These conditions often share underlying processes such as atherosclerosis and impaired vascular function.

Diagnosis and treatment: Evaluation uses electrocardiography, echocardiography, stress testing, imaging, and laboratory tests (lipids, troponin). Treatments combine lifestyle changes and medications (antihypertensives, statins, antiplatelets, anticoagulants) with procedures such as angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, and valve interventions. Device therapy, including pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, may be indicated for certain rhythm or conduction problems.

Prevention and public health: Prevention emphasizes risk-factor modification, healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy where applicable. Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the importance of early detection and effective management.