inzinking

Inzinking is a geotechnical term used to describe inward subsidence of the ground surface, typically caused by the loss of subterranean support due to void formation, dissolution, or compaction. The phenomenon can produce depressions, cracks, and tilt in nearby structures and is a concern for urban infrastructure and land-use planning.

Origin and usage: The word is rooted in Dutch, combining in- (in) and zinken (to sink), and is found in European soils and geotechnical literature. In English-language texts the term is less common, and subsidence- or sinkhole-related language is often used. When applied, inzinking generally refers to subsidence that proceeds gradually and is driven by underground processes rather than by surface loading alone.

Causes and mechanisms: Groundwater pumping or withdrawal reduces pore pressure, leading to compaction of unconsolidated sediments or collapse of underground voids. Dissolution of soluble rocks (as in karst terrain) creates underground cavities that may collapse. Mining activities and cemented fill settlements can also contribute. Indicators include ground cracks, sunken manhole covers, tilting structures, and differential settlement.

Monitoring and mitigation: Detection uses InSAR, GNSS, extensometers, and conventional leveling. Mitigation includes controlling groundwater levels, grouting voids, backfilling, improving drainage, and land-use planning to restrict construction on vulnerable zones.

See also: subsidence, sinkhole, karst, land subsidence.