introjection

Introjection is a psychoanalytic defense mechanism involving the unconscious uptake of beliefs, values, attributes, or external objects into one's own personality. It entails internalizing another person or object as part of the self, so that the other's qualities are experienced as self-referential.

Originating in Freudian theory, introjection is closely linked to identification and the formation of the superego. It differs from projection in that the external attributes are not expelled but incorporated, shaping conscience, self-regulation, and emotions by internalizing external figures.

In object relations theory, introjection refers to internal representations of others formed in early relationships. These internal objects influence how a person perceives themselves and others, and they can govern affect regulation and interpersonal expectations across development.

Introjection can be adaptive when it internalizes positive parental guidance or compassionate models, supporting moral development and empathy. It can become maladaptive when internalized criticisms, shame, or punitive ideals dominate consciousness, contributing to guilt, self-criticism, or perfectionism.

Clinically, therapists explore introjected voices or standards to understand inner conflicts. Techniques such as interpretation and working through can help individuals distinguish between external influences and authentic self-acceptance, reducing self-criticism and allowing healthier self-regulation.

Introjection is not a simple form of imitation, but an unconscious assimilation that can be integrated with other defenses. It remains a central concept in psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories of personality and development.