incontinences

Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine or stool. In medical usage, the condition is usually described as incontinence (singular), with subtypes urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence, and can involve both. Although more common in older adults, it can affect people of any age and can usually be managed with appropriate care.

Urinary incontinence is classified by pattern: stress (leak with effort), urge (sudden leakage), mixed, overflow, or functional (related to mobility or cognition).

Fecal incontinence is the involuntary passage of stool, ranging from minor leakage to full incontinence. It commonly results from anal sphincter weakness, nerve injury, chronic constipation or diarrhea, or obstetric trauma.

Causes include aging, pregnancy and childbirth, prostate surgery, obesity, diabetes, neurological disorders, infections, medications, and bowel or bladder dysfunction.

Evaluation begins with history and physical exam, followed by targeted tests such as urinalysis, bladder or anorectal studies, and, when needed, imaging.

Management is individualized and often starts with conservative measures: pelvic floor exercises, bladder or bowel training, fluid management, and absorbent products. If needed, medicines, devices, or procedures such as injections, nerve stimulation, slings, or sphincters may be considered.

Incontinence is a common, treatable condition. A multidisciplinary approach can improve control and quality of life for many patients.