ilex

Ilex is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, comprising roughly 400 species of shrubs and small trees commonly known as holly. Members range from evergreen to deciduous and occur across temperate and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The genus includes both ornamentals and wild species adapted to a variety of habitats from woodlands to hedgerows.

Leaves are typically simple and alternately arranged, often evergreen with spiny or serrated margins, though some species have smooth edges. Flowers are small and usually white, arranged in clusters. Many hollies are dioecious, producing male and female flowers on separate plants; only female plants bear the bright berries after pollination.

Fruits are drupes that mature in autumn or winter, commonly red or orange, though colors can vary by species. The berries provide a food source for birds, which disperse the seeds. In addition to wild occurrences, many Ilex species are cultivated for ornamental use, including evergreen hedges, landscaping, and topiary.

Notable species include Ilex aquifolium (English holly), Ilex opaca (American holly), Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate), Ilex guayusa (guayusa), and Ilex verticillata (winterberry). Related uses include decorative arrangements, especially around winter holidays.

Cultivation and care vary by species but many hollies prefer well-drained soil, a range of light conditions from sun to partial shade, and regular pruning to maintain shape. Berries and foliage can be toxic to humans in quantity, while birds are typically unaffected.