aquifolium

Aquifolium is a Latin term used in botanical nomenclature, most commonly as the specific epithet in Ilex aquifolium, the common holly. The genus Ilex belongs to the family Aquifoliaceae and comprises evergreen shrubs and small trees native to temperate regions.

Ilex aquifolium, the best-known species with this epithet, is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy, leathery leaves that are typically spiny along the margins. Leaves vary in shape and size among cultivars, some with variegated margins. The plant produces inconspicuous white or greenish flowers in spring, followed by red berries that persist into winter and are favored by birds. The species is usually dioecious, meaning male and female flowers occur on separate plants.

Native to western and southern Europe, parts of the Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, holly has long been cultivated as an ornamental hedge and specimen plant. It tolerates a range of soils, prefers partial to full sun but can grow in shade, and is hardy to temperate climates. Numerous cultivars have been selected for leaf form, spininess, or variegation, widening its use in landscape design.

In cultivation, holly berries and foliage can be toxic if ingested in quantity; however, birds readily consume the fruit. The plant has cultural associations with winter holidays and is widely used in wreaths and arrangements.

Etymology: The epithet aquifolium is Latin and is associated with holly foliage.