idioom

Idiom, or idioom in Dutch, is a fixed or semi-fixed expression whose overall meaning cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of its individual parts. Idioms are a common feature of all languages and form a subset of formulaic language. They often convey a figurative sense that is culturally anchored rather than a direct description of the situation, though some idioms are more transparent.

Typical characteristics include a relatively fixed word order, lexically specified components, and limited potential for paraphrase. Idioms can be opaque, where the meaning is not readily guessable from the words (for example, kick the bucket means to die), or transparent, where the figurative sense is more predictable from the parts. They range from fully lexicalized phrases to metaphorically extended expressions that retain some compositional characteristics.

Linguistic research treats idioms in relation to other multiword expressions such as collocations and free word combinations. Processing of idioms varies with context, frequency, and exposure; some are stored and retrieved as single units, while others are assembled from their constituents during comprehension. Translation of idioms poses challenges, often requiring non-literal equivalents or cultural adaptation rather than direct word-for-word rendering.

Etymology: the term idiom derives from Greek idios, meaning “own, personal,” combined with -oma, and entered English via Latin and French. The Dutch term idioom shares the same origin. In usage, dictionaries and language guides annotate idioms with their figurative sense, typical register, and any regional or historical notes. Understanding idioms is essential for fluency, as they can hinder comprehension for learners unfamiliar with the cultural background.