hõrenemine

Hõrenemine is the process of applying a thin layer of metallic silver to a surface, producing a reflective, silver-coated finish. It can also describe the resulting layer itself. The term and technique are most closely associated with the production of mirrors and decorative metalwork, but may be used for other substrates that require a silver finish.

Methods and materials: Historically, mirrors were produced by chemical silvering, in which a silver layer is deposited onto the back of a glass pane after the surface is activated with tin salts. Modern approaches include electroplating or electroless deposition, wherein a silver layer is built up from a solution or current. In contemporary manufacturing, physical vapor deposition and sputtering can create highly controlled silver films for optical and decorative purposes.

Applications: Silvered surfaces are used for mirror backs in household and architectural applications, as well as in jewelry, ceramics, photography, and electronics where reflective or conductive finishes are required. The thickness of the silver layer is kept relatively small to maintain high reflectivity while limiting weight and cost. Protective coatings or lamination are often applied to prevent tarnish.

History and considerations: The development of reliable silvering transformed mirror production in the 19th century, enabling widespread use. Silver layers are prone to tarnish from sulfur compounds in the air, which can reduce reflectivity and appearance if not protected. Handling of silver chemicals and waste requires appropriate safety and environmental controls.

See also: mirror coating, electroplating, silver nitrate, tin chloride activation.