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Hypertension, often referred to as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by persistently elevated arterial blood pressure. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers: systolic pressure, the top number, which represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, and diastolic pressure, the bottom number, which represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.

Normal blood pressure is generally considered to be below 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension is typically diagnosed when readings are consistently 130/80 mmHg or higher. There are two main types of hypertension: primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by an underlying medical condition such as kidney disease, thyroid problems, or certain medications.

Risk factors for developing hypertension include age, family history, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet high in sodium, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking. Many people with hypertension have no symptoms, which is why it is often called the "silent killer." Regular blood pressure checks are crucial for early detection.

Management of hypertension usually involves lifestyle modifications such as adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, and quitting smoking. In cases where lifestyle changes are insufficient, medication may be prescribed by a healthcare professional to help lower blood pressure. Untreated hypertension can lead to serious health complications over time.