hypermobile

Hypermobile describes individuals whose joints can move beyond the normal range of motion. This trait results from connective tissue laxity and can occur as a normal variation or as part of a broader condition affecting connective tissue.

Clinically, joint hypermobility is commonly assessed with the Beighton score, a 0-9 scale evaluating movements such as passive finger and thumb range, elbow and knee extension, and the ability to place the palms on the floor with forward bending. A Beighton score of 4 or more (out of 9) in adults is commonly used to indicate generalized hypermobility, though thresholds vary by age and population. People may be asymptomatic or have symptoms; persistent symptoms may be categorized as hypermobility spectrum disorders or as a recognized connective tissue disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type.

Symptoms and impact vary. Common issues include joint pain (arthralgia), joint instability, frequent sprains or dislocations, muscle fatigue, and reduced proprioception. Some individuals experience headaches, sleep disturbance, or autonomic symptoms; in associated syndromes, skin findings or gastrointestinal issues may occur. The presentation ranges from mild to significant, and impairment depends on activity, comorbid conditions, and overall health.

Causes are largely genetic. Many cases arise from variations affecting collagen and other connective tissue proteins. Inheritance is often autosomal dominant with variable expression. Environmental factors and physical activity influence symptom severity and functional impact.

Management emphasizes education and multidisciplinary care. Core strategies include supervised physical therapy to improve strength, proprioception, and joint stability, along with low-impact aerobic exercise. Therapies may advise avoiding sustained joint overextension, using braces or taping when needed, and addressing pain, sleep, and mental health. Prognosis varies; some individuals improve with growth and conditioning, while others require ongoing management.