hukuman

Hukuman is the Indonesian and Malay term for punishment or sanction imposed for wrongdoing. In legal usage, hukuman denotes the penalties prescribed by law and carried out by the state to deter, sanction, or reform offenders. The word derives from Malay and ultimately from Arabic roots related to judgment or decree.

Hukuman can take several forms. Criminal penalties imposed by courts include imprisonment, fines, probation, or community service. Administrative sanctions applied by government agencies can include license suspensions, fines, or other restrictions. In some contexts, disciplinary measures in institutions such as schools or workplaces may also be described as hukuman when they involve sanctioned consequences for misconduct. Across different legal systems, the exact penalties and procedures vary, but they generally follow established rules and procedures.

Key principles govern the imposition of hukuman. Legality requires that punishments be prescribed by law and not imposed arbitrarily. Proportionality ensures that the severity of the sanction matches the gravity of the offense. Due process protects the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial and legal representation. International human rights standards influence how hukuman is applied, emphasizing humane treatment and prohibitions on cruel or inhumane punishment.

Enforcement involves the judiciary and law-enforcement authorities, with sentencing determined by courts and carried out by relevant agencies. Procedures for appeals and remedies provide checks on excessive or unlawful penalties. In practice, societies increasingly consider restorative and rehabilitative approaches that aim to repair harm, support reintegration, and reduce recidivism, alongside traditional punitive measures. The concept and application of hukuman vary by country and legal tradition, but its core aim remains maintaining social order and protecting rights.