judiciary

Judiciary refers to the system of courts and judges responsible for interpreting and applying laws. It is a key branch of government in many states, distinct from the legislative and executive branches. Its core functions include resolving disputes, interpreting statutes and constitutions, and safeguarding due process and fundamental rights.

Most judiciaries are organized into multiple levels, such as trial courts, intermediate appellate courts, and a supreme or constitutional court. Trial courts hear evidence and determine facts; appellate courts review alleged legal errors and ensure consistent application of law. At the apex level, constitutional or supreme courts interpret constitutional provisions and may exercise judicial review to assess the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.

Judges are typically appointed or elected and often serve with tenure or other protections to preserve independence from political influence. The principle of judicial independence, impartiality, and accountability is central to credible adjudication. Legal traditions influence structure: common law systems rely heavily on precedent, while civil law systems emphasize codified statutes and inquisitorial procedures.

Access to justice, transparency, and fair procedures are ongoing concerns, including appeals processes and, in many jurisdictions, alternative dispute resolution like mediation and arbitration. The judiciary acts as a check and balance on other branches of government, protects rights, and upholds the rule of law. Challenges can include backlogs, resource constraints, and political interference in some contexts.