hiperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia, or hiperlipidemia, is a condition characterized by abnormal levels of lipids in the blood. A standard lipid panel reports total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Elevated LDL-C and triglycerides, or low HDL-C, can promote atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, and pancreatitis in severe cases.

Causes can be primary (genetic) or secondary. Primary disorders include familial hypercholesterolemia and other inherited lipid disorders. Secondary causes include obesity, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney or liver disease, and certain drugs.

Diagnosis is established by lipid testing, usually after a fasting period, combined with assessment of cardiovascular risk. Genetic testing may be used when a hereditary form is suspected.

Management emphasizes lifestyle modification: a heart-healthy diet with reduced saturated fat and refined carbohydrates, regular physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation. Pharmacotherapy is commonly needed, especially in those at higher cardiovascular risk. Statins are the first-line treatment to lower LDL-C. Alternatives or add-ons include ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and, for high triglycerides, fibrates or omega-3 fatty acids. In some patients, more advanced therapies or combination regimens are appropriate.

Prognosis depends on the underlying cause and treatment adherence. With appropriate lifestyle changes and lipid-lowering therapy, cardiovascular risk can be substantially reduced. Hyperlipidemia is a common, treatable condition requiring ongoing medical supervision.