hidraulikën

Hidraulikën, or hydraulics, is the branch of science and technology that deals with the generation, transmission, and control of power using fluids under pressure. It enables the conversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical work, often allowing large forces to be produced in compact equipment.

The core principle is Pascal's law: in a closed, incompressible fluid, pressure applied at one point is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the container. This allows small input forces to be multiplied by using components with different cross-sectional areas, enabling precise force and speed control in machines.

Typical hydraulic systems comprise pumps that create flow and pressure, actuators such as hydraulic cylinders or motors, control valves that direct and regulate flow and pressure, reservoirs, filters, and hoses or pipes. Fluids used are usually hydraulic oils, chosen for lubrication, lubrication, cooling, and chemical compatibility; some systems employ synthetic or fire-resistant fluids. System performance depends on fluid properties like viscosity, compressibility, and temperature stability.

Operation involves the pump delivering fluid to actuators through valves, converting fluid energy into linear or rotary motion. Sensors and electronic controls may provide feedback for accurate positioning, force, and speed. Maintenance focuses on preventing leaks, contamination, and overheating, and ensuring fluid cleanliness and component integrity.

Applications span construction and mining equipment, manufacturing presses, aircraft and automotive systems (including brakes and landing gear), and robotics. Advantages include high force in compact form, smooth control, and adaptability; downsides include potential leaks, environmental risks, and the need for careful temperature and fluid management.