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Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. While it can be caused by various factors such as alcohol abuse, certain medications, and autoimmune diseases, viral infections are the most common cause. The different types of viral hepatitis are designated by letters, with hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E being the most recognized.

Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food or water and usually causes a short-term illness with symptoms like fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice. It is preventable with a vaccine.

Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids, often during childbirth, sexual contact, or needle sharing. It can lead to both acute and chronic infections, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. A vaccine is available for hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C is primarily spread through contact with infected blood, most commonly via shared needles. It often leads to a chronic infection that can cause serious liver damage over time, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. While a vaccine for hepatitis C is not yet available, effective antiviral treatments exist.

Hepatitis D is a unique form that only occurs in individuals already infected with hepatitis B. It can worsen the severity of hepatitis B infection and increase the risk of complications. There is no vaccine specifically for hepatitis D, but vaccination against hepatitis B can prevent it.

Hepatitis E is similar to hepatitis A in its mode of transmission, typically through contaminated water, especially in areas with poor sanitation. It usually causes an acute illness, though it can be severe in pregnant women. A vaccine for hepatitis E is available in some regions.

Symptoms across different types of hepatitis can overlap and may include jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests that detect viral antigens or antibodies. Treatment varies depending on the specific type of hepatitis and its severity, ranging from supportive care for acute infections to antiviral medications for chronic forms.