hemorrhoid

Hemorrhoids, also called piles, are swollen veins or cushions in the lower rectum and around the anus. They are part of the normal anatomy, but when inflamed or enlarged they can cause symptoms. Internal hemorrhoids form above the dentate line inside the rectum; external hemorrhoids develop under the skin around the anus.

Causes and risk factors include increased pressure in the venous system from straining during bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, prolonged sitting on the toilet, pregnancy, aging, obesity, and heavy lifting. Genetics may also play a role.

Symptoms commonly include bright red blood during defecation, a lump at the anus, itching, and irritation. External hemorrhoids can be painful, especially if a clot forms. Some hemorrhoids cause few or no symptoms.

Diagnosis is usually based on medical history and a physical examination, including visual inspection and a digital rectal exam. Anoscopy or proctoscopy may be used, and colonoscopy is considered if alarming symptoms or age-related risk exist.

Treatment emphasizes conservative measures: a high-fiber diet with fluids, regular activity, and avoiding straining during bowel movements. Over-the-counter creams or suppositories can relieve symptoms; sitz baths and stool softeners may help. For persistent or prolapsed hemorrhoids, procedures such as rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, or infrared coagulation may be used; surgery is considered for severe cases.

Prognosis and prevention: Most cases improve with treatment; recurrence is possible. Prevention focuses on maintaining soft stools and bowel habits: adequate fiber and fluids, regular physical activity, and avoiding prolonged sitting or straining.