swollen

Swollen refers to tissue enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid or other substances. In medical terms, swelling often denotes edema, the excess fluid trapped in interstitial spaces. Swelling can affect any body part, most commonly the legs, ankles, feet, hands, or face. Causes range from benign injuries to serious disease and may be localized or generalized.

Common causes include injury or inflammation (sprains, strains, infections), chronic venous insufficiency, heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, pregnancy, and medication side effects (for example, calcium channel blockers or NSAIDs). Lymphedema results from blockage of the lymphatic system. Less common causes include allergic reactions, thyroid disorders, and venous thrombosis.

Symptoms depend on cause and location. Local swelling may involve tight skin, reduced mobility, or pain; swelling with warmth or redness may signal infection. Generalized swelling may be accompanied by weight gain or shortness of breath.

Diagnosis typically involves history and examination, measurement of limb girth, and tests directed at suspected causes, such as blood chemistry to assess organ function, urine tests, imaging (ultrasound or MRI) to evaluate blood vessels or soft tissue, and, in some cases, Doppler studies to assess blood flow.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include rest and elevation, compression therapy, diuretics for certain edema, treatment of heart, liver, or kidney conditions, anti-inflammatory medications, or physical therapy for lymphedema. Emergency care is needed for sudden, widespread swelling with breathing difficulty, facial swelling, swelling of the tongue or lips, or signs of allergic reaction.