gyoji

Gyoji (行司) is a Japanese term meaning "referee" or "umpire," used to designate officials who oversee matches or ceremonial proceedings. The word comes from the kanji for conduct or action (行) and to supervise or govern (司). Historically, gyoji referred to court or ceremonial officials, and in modern usage it denotes officials who direct matches in sports and related events.

In sumo wrestling, the gyoji is the ring official who starts and stops bouts and declares the winner. They stand on or near the dohyō and carry a wooden signal fan called a gunbai, which they use to indicate the outcome by pointing toward the winner. The gyoji is supported by other officials, including the shimpan, three judges who observe the match and can review calls if necessary. Gyoji typically wear formal, often elaborate robes that may reflect their rank or assignment, making the role recognizable to spectators.

Beyond sumo, the term gyoji is used more generally to describe officials or referees in various ceremonial or competitive contexts in Japan. In contemporary usage, it can denote officials who supervise proceedings, while in sports other than sumo, the specific title and duties may be described with different terms depending on the activity.

In summary, gyoji are established officiants within Japanese tradition, most prominently known for their role as the referees in sumo, where they direct bouts, signal decisions with the gunbai, and operate within a framework of additional judges to ensure fair outcomes.