gynaecology

Gynaecology is the medical specialty that focuses on the health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva, as well as related structures such as the breasts. It covers the diagnosis, treatment, and management of a broad range of conditions, from menstrual disorders and contraception to infertility and menopausal care. It is distinct from obstetrics, which deals primarily with pregnancy and childbirth; in many health systems the two disciplines are combined as obstetrics and gynaecology (OB/GYN).

Common areas of care include evaluation of abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, sexual health, and disorders such as endometriosis, fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, and gynaecological cancers (cervical, ovarian, uterine).

Diagnostics and procedures include pelvic examination, Pap smear (Papanicolaou test) and HPV testing, ultrasound, and in-office procedures. Surgical options range from minimally invasive laparoscopy and hysteroscopy to procedures like myomectomy, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and tubal ligation. Medical management includes hormonal therapies, contraception, and management of menopause.

Training: physicians complete medical school, then a residency in gynaecology; in many countries further subspecialty training (e.g., reproductive endocrinology, gynaecological oncology, urogynecology). Public health: screening programmes (cervical cancer with Pap/HPV tests) and HPV vaccination are key elements in reducing gynecologic disease burden.