guqin

Guqin is a traditional Chinese plucked string instrument of the zither family, historically regarded as one of China's most refined musical instruments. Also known simply as qin, it has seven strings and a long, narrow wooden body. The instrument is at least three thousand years old and is closely associated with the Chinese scholar class, poets, and Confucian culture, where it served as a vehicle for self-cultivation and moral reflection.

Construction and tuning: The guqin's body is typically carved from a single block of wood, often paulownia, and finished with lacquer. The top surface bears markers called hui, and seven strings run the length over a sequence of small bridges. Strings are plucked with the right hand, usually with the fingernails, while the left-hand fingers press the strings to change pitch and create ornamentation such as slides and vibrato.

Playing style and repertoire: Guqin technique emphasizes subtlety, tone quality, and resonance. It is commonly performed solo or to accompany poetry and painting. Its traditional repertoire includes ancient and medieval pieces, such as Liu Shui (Flowing Water) and Yangguan San Die. The instrument is typically tuned to a pentatonic scale, and pitch is modified by left-hand fingering rather than by fretted notes.

Culture and modern status: The guqin is one of the four arts of the Chinese literati (qin, qi, shu, hua). In 2003, UNESCO listed the guqin on the List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Today it remains studied in conservatories and private studios, with craftsmen continuing to produce antique-style instruments worldwide.