Confucian

Confucian refers to the tradition associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (Kongzi, 551–479 BCE) and to the broader school of thought known as Confucianism. It encompasses moral, social, political, and educational ideas that have significantly influenced East Asian cultures for many centuries. Core concepts include ren (benevolence or humaneness), li (ritual propriety), yi (righteousness), and xiao (filial piety). The ideal moral agent is the junzi, the “gentleman” or exemplary person who acts with sincerity and duty. Social harmony is pursued through proper relationships, especially the Five Relationships that structure family and governance.

Key texts associated with Confucian thought include the Analects, along with works such as the Mencius and Xunzi, and various ritual and moral treatises. Over time, Confucianism became integrated with state ideology in imperial China and parts of East Asia, shaping education systems, civil service examination practices, and family life. Neo-Confucianism, particularly as developed by Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty, reformulated Confucian ethics within a broader metaphysical framework and remained influential in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam for centuries. Confucianism persisted through subsequent dynasties, adapting to political changes while maintaining its emphasis on self-cultivation, social order, and merit-based governance.

In modern usage, Confucian can describe adherents or the tradition and its teachings. The movement has seen revival and reinterpretation amid changes in politics, education, and gender roles, attracting both supporters who cite social harmony and critics who challenge hierarchical authority and gender norms.