Confucianism

Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical tradition based on the teachings attributed to Confucius (Kongzi), who lived in the state of Lu in the 6th–5th centuries BCE. It emphasizes moral character, filial piety, and social harmony, and has significantly shaped the political and cultural life of China and neighboring regions for centuries.

Central ideas include Ren (benevolence or humaneness), Li (ritual propriety), Xiao (filial piety), and Yi (righteousness). The ideal person is the Junzi, or "gentleman," who cultivates virtue through learning, self-discipline, and respect for proper roles within family and state. Social order is understood through the Five Relationships: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger, and friend and friend; harmony arises when each party fulfills its duties.

Key texts include the Analects, the Mencius, and Xunzi, along with the Five Classics and the Four Books, which became central to education and civil service in imperial China. Confucianism influenced state ideology during the Han dynasty and later developed into Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming periods, incorporating metaphysical and ethical considerations. Its reach extended to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

Critics have highlighted patriarchal elements and emphasis on hierarchy, while supporters argue it offers a framework for civic virtue and social stability. In modern times, Confucianism has been reassessed in light of feminism, democracy, and science, yet it continues to feature in education, family ethics, and public discourse in East Asia and beyond.