son

A son is a male offspring of a parent. In kinship, the term designates a male child who is biologically related to the parent or who is raised as a child within the family through adoption or guardianship. The label can be qualified by birth order or status, as in “eldest son,” “only son,” or “younger son.”

Etymology: The word derives from Old English sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, with cognates such as German Sohn and Dutch zoon. It is etymologically distinct from the modern noun “sun,” the celestial body, though the two are spelled similarly in contemporary English. The plural form is usually “sons.”

Cultural and religious contexts: The status of a son has historically influenced inheritance, succession, and family authority in many societies. In religious discourse, “Son” appears as a title in Christianity and Judaism—such as “Son of God” or “Son of Man”—where it expresses divine or prophetic identity rather than a simple genealogical relation.

Usage and variants: In modern English, “son” combines with compounds such as stepson, foster son, or adopted son. It contrasts with “daughter” in gendered kinship terms, and its contexts can include affectionate address, lineage references, or legal designations in family law and inheritance.