gibbon

Gibbon refers to any of the small, arboreal apes in the family Hylobatidae, collectively known as the lesser apes. The group comprises four genera—Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus, and Symphalangus—with about 20 species. Gibbons are adapted for life in tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia and are among the most skilled brachiators, moving through the canopy by swinging hand-over-hand from branch to branch.

Physically, gibbons have long arms relative to their bodies, short legs, and hooked hands suited for grasping branches. Their arm span often exceeds their height. They are diurnal and primarily fruit-eaters, but also consume leaves, flowers, seeds, and insects. Fur color and patterns vary by species and can range from light to dark brown, black, or creamy, with some species displaying distinctive facial markings.

Gibbons inhabit a range of tropical forest environments, from lowland to foothill forests, in countries across Southeast Asia and southern China, including parts of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo), Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. They tend to occupy primary forests but can persist in secondary growth if undisturbed.

Behaviorally, gibbons typically form small, monogamous family groups consisting of a mated pair and their offspring. They defend territories with vocal duets, where both adults sing to strengthen pair bonds and deter rivals. Reproduction usually yields a single infant after a gestation of about seven months; parental care is extensive.

Many gibbon species are threatened by deforestation, hunting, and the illegal pet trade. Several are listed as endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and captive breeding programs.