geosystems
Geosystems is a concept in geography that treats the Earth's surface as an interconnected set of systems in which natural and human components interact within a defined spatial framework. A geosystem encompasses elements such as climate, landforms, soils, vegetation, water, population, economy, infrastructure, institutions, and culture. These components exchange energy and materials and communicate through information flows, creating feedbacks, adaptive responses, and ongoing change. Geosystems operate at multiple scales, from local catchments to continental regions, and their boundaries are often functional rather than fixed.
Natural and human sub-systems interact through processes such as land-use change, hydrological cycling, erosion, urbanization, resource
Researchers apply systems theory and spatial analysis to geosystems using tools such as geographic information systems,
Geosystems have broad applications in land-use planning, natural resource management, hazard and disaster risk reduction, environmental