fagyhullámokat
fagyhullámok, literally “ice waves,” are surface wave patterns that form on frozen bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, and sea ice. They are generated when thermal gradients, wind forces, or mechanical stresses induce periodic flexural motions in the ice sheet. Unlike liquid surface waves, fagyhullámok propagate through the ice itself rather than along a fluid-air interface. The characteristic wavelength and amplitude depend on ice thickness, temperature distribution, and the underlying water motion. In thin, relatively warm ice, long‑wavelength flexural waves (tens of meters) can be produced by sudden wind gusts, whereas in thicker, colder ice, shorter, more frequent waves, often only a few centimeters high, can result from differential pressure between adjacent ice floes.
The phenomenon was first described in the nineteenth century by European glaciologists studying Arctic and northern