gusts

A gust is a brief, rapid increase in wind speed. It lasts from a few seconds up to about a minute and is followed by a return to the preceding wind conditions. Gusts are distinct from sustained winds, which persist for longer periods.

Gusts arise from atmospheric turbulence and instability near the surface. They are produced by convective activity and surface heating, interactions with terrain and objects that disrupt airflow, and weather systems such as cold fronts and thunderstorms. In storms, downdrafts create gust fronts that push outward ahead of the storm.

Measurement and reporting: Anemometers record wind speed over short intervals; the gust is typically identified as the highest speed observed during a brief averaging period. Meteorology reports gusts as peak values above the mean wind. In aviation, weather reports (METAR) use formats like 12G22 to indicate gusts to 22 knots, with the steady wind reported separately.

Gusts have practical implications: they can affect aircraft takeoffs and landings, maritime navigation, and pedestrian safety. Structures and outdoor equipment are designed to withstand gust forces, and forecasts often highlight gust risk when issuing warnings or advisories.

Related terms include gust front, wind shear, and microburst. Understanding gusts helps explain short-term variability in wind conditions across weather systems and environments.