estatua

Estatua is a free-standing sculpture representing a figure, most often a person or animal. In English, the term statue is used, and in Spanish or Portuguese estatua serves the same meaning. Statues are designed to be viewed from multiple angles and are typically installed in public spaces, galleries, or religious settings. They differ from reliefs, which are attached to a background surface.

Materials and methods: Common materials include stone (marble, granite), metal (bronze through lost-wax casting), wood, ceramic, and modern composites. Techniques range from carving and chiseling to casting, modeling, and assembling, with advances in digital fabrication and 3D printing expanding possibilities.

Functions and forms: Statues commemorate individuals or events, honor deities, serve as public art, or function as portraits. Variants include full-figure statues, busts, and equestrian statues. Styles range from naturalistic to abstract, reflecting cultural and historical contexts.

History and culture: From ancient civilizations to contemporary practice, statues have played roles in religion, political power, and civic identity. They may be ceremonial icons, architectural features, or standalone works in parks and squares.

Preservation and ethics: Outdoor statues face weathering, pollution, vandalism, and structural risk. Conservation plans address material decay, stabilization, and, in modern contexts, debates over controversial subjects and calls for removal or relocation.