essentialism

Essentialism is a family of philosophical and social theories that posit that certain entities possess an essence—an underlying set of properties that define what it is to be that thing and that are necessary (and often sufficient) for its identity. In metaphysics, essentialists argue that entities have persistent, defining properties beyond their changing appearances; this contrasts with nominalism or anti-essentialist views that deny fixed essences. The notion has roots in ancient Greek philosophy, notably Aristotle's account of beings having essences, and was developed by medieval scholastics. In modern times it has appeared in debates on natural kinds, biological species, and gender or racial categories, where critics argue that social roles and identities are more contingent or constructed.

In social discourse, essentialism refers to claims that social groups (such as races, genders, or nationalities) have inherent, culturally significant, and immutable traits. These claims can reinforce stereotypes, justify discrimination, and obscure variation within groups. Critics emphasize that many group traits are the result of historical, environmental, and social factors, and that essentialist thinking often overlooks within-group diversity.

In education, essentialism denotes a philosophy that emphasizes core curriculum, disciplinary knowledge, and teacher-centered instruction intended to transmit a stable body of essential facts and skills. It is often contrasted with perennialism, progressivism, or constructivist approaches that stress inquiry and student context.

Scholars continue to debate the appropriateness of essentialist positions, recognizing both appeals to stability and the risks of oversimplification and oppression.