progressivism

Progressivism is a political philosophy and reform movement that seeks to address social, political, and economic problems through government action, public accountability, and expanded democracy. It emphasizes evidence-based policy, institutional reform, and social justice. Originating in the late 19th century in the United States, it spread to other countries in varying forms and remains a broad and evolving tradition.

In the United States, the Progressive Era (roughly the 1890s to the 1920s) aimed to curb corporate power, regulate industries, and reduce political machines and corruption. Reforms encompassed antitrust enforcement, labor rights, public health and safety measures, education, and women’s suffrage. Political innovations such as direct primaries, initiatives, referenda, and recalls sought to broaden democratic participation. Notable figures include Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jane Addams, and Robert M. La Follette. Policy achievements ranged from food and drug regulation and workplace safety to conservation and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System.

Globally, progressive ideas emerged in various countries as responses to industrialization, inequality, and corruption, taking different shapes depending on local conditions. In contemporary usage, progressivism often denotes movements that advocate for social welfare, civil rights, environmental protection, and government accountability. Debates persist about the proper scope of government, the balance between regulation and innovation, and the best means to achieve reform. Overall, progressivism is understood as a reformist impulse that seeks to improve institutions and expand opportunities through policy innovation and democratic governance.