enamelling

Enamelling is the process of applying a vitreous enamel to a substrate, most commonly metal, and then firing it to fuse the glass-like coating. The result is a durable, decorative surface that can be glossy, matte, opaque, or translucent.

Enamels are finely ground glass colored with metal oxides and other additives. The substrate is prepared by cleaning and, if necessary, applying a mordant. Enamel can be applied as powder, frit, or through painting. Firing temperatures depend on the type: soft enamel typically 650–800°C; hard enamel requires higher temperatures and often multiple firings to achieve a sealed, durable surface.

Common techniques include cloisonné (metal wires create partitions for enamel areas), champlevé (cells are carved or etched into the metal and filled), basse-taille (low relief with translucent enamel in recessed areas), and plique-à-jour (transparent enamel without a backing). Each yields distinct textures and light effects.

Enamelling is used on jewelry, watch dials, and decorative metalware; it also appears as glazes on ceramics and pottery. True vitreous enamel differs from painted enamelling, where a pigment-based paint is fused or simply set by heat.

History spans ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia; medieval and Renaissance workshops developed intricate cloisonné and luting techniques; the 18th–19th centuries saw revival in Europe and Asia. Contemporary practitioners work with a range of metals and kilns, including electric kilns.

Care and safety: enamel surfaces are hard but can scratch; avoid harsh abrasives. Some historic enamels contained lead; modern enamels are typically lead-free. Clean with soft cloth and mild detergents.