emorragie

Emorragie is the escape of blood from the circulatory system due to rupture of a vessel or failure of normal hemostasis. It can be visible on the skin or in a wound (external) or occur inside the body in cavities, organs, or tissues (internal). The term is commonly used across languages with slight spelling variations, such as hémorragie in French or hemorragia in other languages.

Classification of emorragie is typically based on location, onset, and cause. External bleeding is readily apparent, while internal bleeding may present with pain, swelling, anemia, or signs of shock. Common sites include intracranial, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and intra-abdominal locations. Bleeding can be acute or chronic, and may result from trauma, surgery, rupture of an aneurysm or ulcer, coagulopathies, hypertension, or anticoagulant therapy.

Causes and risk factors encompass blunt or penetrating trauma, surgical procedures, ulcers, vascular abnormalities, liver disease, cancer, and inherited or acquired bleeding disorders. Obstetric hemorrhage is a major clinical concern in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications can increase bleeding risk, as can liver dysfunction, vitamin K deficiency, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, vital signs, laboratory tests (hemoglobin/hematocrit, coagulation studies), and imaging when appropriate. Management focuses on rapid stabilization and control of bleeding: securing the airway, breathing, and circulation; fluid resuscitation and blood transfusion as needed; local hemostatic measures, endoscopic or surgical control when indicated, and treatment of the underlying cause. Prognosis varies with site, severity, and timeliness of intervention. Prevention emphasizes safety, management of hypertension and coagulopathies, and careful anticoagulation programs.