elevational

Elevational refers to elevation, the height of a location relative to a reference level, typically mean sea level. It is a fundamental property used in geography, ecology, meteorology, and planning.

Elevation is usually expressed in meters or feet above sea level. Elevation data come from topographic maps, global navigation satellite systems, and digital elevation models. In geographic information systems, elevations serve as a vertical dimension that informs analyses of terrain, hydrology, and climate.

Elevation strongly influences climate. Temperature generally falls with rising altitude due to adiabatic cooling, producing cooler climates at higher elevations. Precipitation patterns are modified by orography, with increased rainfall on windward slopes and potential rain shadows on leeward sides. These climatic gradients create distinct ecological zones.

Ecologically, elevational gradients produce zonation of vegetation and fauna, from montane forests to alpine meadows in mountains, often with reduced species richness at extreme elevations. Species may adapt to low oxygen, higher UV radiation, and shorter growing seasons. Climate change is driving shifts upslope, risking habitat loss where peaks are limited.

In human contexts, elevation affects travel, aviation, health, and construction. People living at high elevations may experience altitude-related health effects; understanding elevational variation supports weather forecasting, water resources, and land-use planning. Related concepts include latitudinal gradients and environmental lapse rates in climate science.