ektoparasiit

Ektoparasiit, or ectoparasite, is the term used in Estonian to describe an organism that lives on the exterior of a host and derives nutrients from it, typically by feeding on blood, skin secretions, or other body fluids. Unlike endoparasites, which inhabit the host’s internal tissues, ectoparasites remain on the surface or in the host’s clothing, fur, or feathers. They can be permanent residents or temporary visitors.

Common groups include fleas (Siphonaptera), lice (Phthiraptera), ticks (Ixodida), and mites (Acari), as well as bed bugs (Cimicidae). Many ectoparasites are host-specific, while others are opportunistic and may infest a range of hosts, including humans and domestic animals. Their presence can cause irritation, dermatitis, and, in severe cases, anemia.

Ectoparasites often play a role as vectors for pathogens. For example, ticks can transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, and fleas have been associated with plague and various other infections. Bed bugs primarily cause discomfort and sleep disturbance but can contribute to secondary infections through scratching.

Life cycles typically involve multiple stages (such as eggs, larvae or nymphs, and adults) with some stages occurring in the host environment rather than on the host itself. Transmission occurs through direct contact between hosts or via contaminated environments, clothing, bedding, or animal shelters.

Control and prevention focus on hygiene and environmental management, regular cleaning of living spaces, laundering and heat-treating fabrics, and the use of approved insecticides or repellents on hosts. Integrated pest management approaches are commonly recommended for sustained control.