ectoparasites

An ectoparasite is an organism that lives on the exterior of a host, obtaining nutrients at the host's expense while typically not breaching the host's internal tissues. Common ectoparasites include fleas, lice, mites, and ticks, as well as certain flies and other arthropods. They attach to skin, fur, feathers, or mucous membranes and often feed on blood, skin debris, or exudates, using specialized mouthparts and gripping structures to remain in place.

Lifecycle and transmission: Many ectoparasites spend all or part of their life cycle on the host, while others move between hosts or between host and environment. Transmission occurs through direct contact, shared bedding or grooming items, or via vectors such as ticks and fleas. Some ectoparasites are also reservoirs or vectors for pathogens that cause disease in humans or animals.

Impact and health significance: Ectoparasitism can cause irritation, dermatitis, allergic reactions, and anemia from blood loss. Scratching and rubbing can lead to secondary infections. In veterinary and public health contexts, ectoparasites are important because they can transmit bacteria, viruses, or protozoa that affect hosts.

Diagnosis and control: Diagnosis relies on visual inspection, skin scrapings, or identification of the parasite on the host or in the environment. Management typically involves treating the host with approved insecticides or acaricides, removing parasites manually, and addressing environmental reservoirs. Prevention includes regular grooming, avoiding contact with infested hosts, using preventive products, and maintaining clean living conditions.