edentulism

Edentulism is the condition of being without any natural teeth. Complete edentulism refers to the loss of all teeth in one or both dental arches, while partial edentulism denotes loss of several teeth with some remaining dentition. The condition is most common among older adults but can result from disease, trauma, or congenital factors in any age group.

Causes include dental caries, periodontitis, and tooth loss from trauma, inadequate dental care, systemic conditions such as diabetes or osteoporosis, and treatments like radiation therapy. Risk factors include limited access to dental services, low socioeconomic status, smoking, and poor oral hygiene.

Clinical consequences of edentulism include difficulties with chewing and speaking, nutritional limitations, changes in facial aesthetics due to alveolar bone loss, and psychosocial effects. Denture wearers may experience mucosal irritation, ulcers, and bone resorption over time, leading to poorly fitting prostheses and decreased quality of life.

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and radiographic imaging to determine the number and condition of remaining teeth and the supporting bone. Management depends on the extent of tooth loss and patient needs and may include conventional dentures, implant-supported prostheses, or overdentures. Partial edentulism is commonly addressed with partial dentures, bridges, or implants; complete edentulism may require complete dentures or implant-retained restorations. Ongoing maintenance and oral hygiene are essential.

Prevention emphasizes regular dental care, good oral hygiene, fluoride exposure, tobacco avoidance, and management of systemic conditions to reduce the risk of tooth loss.