drunken

Drunken is an adjective describing the state of being affected by alcohol to a noticeable degree. It is commonly used to refer to someone whose judgment, coordination, and reaction time are impaired after drinking. The related noun forms are drunkenness and intoxication.

Etymology and usage: The word derives from Old English druncen, the past participle of drink. Over time, drunken came to describe a person in a state of alcohol-induced impairment, distinct from the general act of drinking.

Causes and measurement: Ethanol, consumed via beer, wine, or spirits, depresses the central nervous system. The level of impairment depends on amount, rate of consumption, body weight, sex, food intake, and tolerance. Alcohol intoxication is often quantified by blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Legal limits for driving and other activities vary by jurisdiction, typically around 0.05% to 0.08% BAC in many places.

Effects: Acute drunkenness impairs motor skills, balance, speech, and decision making, and can lead to risky behavior, accidents, vomiting, or blackouts. Repeated heavy drinking over time increases the risk of alcohol use disorder and long-term health problems such as liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and cognitive impairment.

Societal context: Cultural attitudes toward drunkenness vary widely. Legal frameworks address issues such as public intoxication, driving under the influence, and age-related access to alcohol. Historical movements, including temperance and prohibition, have influenced policies in different regions.

Safety and treatment: If someone is intoxicated, ensure their safety, monitor for progression, and seek medical help if there are signs of severe impairment or unconsciousness. Long-term management of problematic drinking may involve counseling, medications, and support groups.