doujin

Doujin refers to self-published works produced by individuals or small groups, often by fans, in Japan. The term covers a broad range of media created outside mainstream publishers, including doujinshi (self-published magazines or books, frequently manga or light novels), as well as fan music, games, and artwork. Creators typically organize into circles—small teams that collaborate on writing, art, printing, and distribution. Circles may publish under a distinct name and operate on a hobbyist basis, though some later transition to professional careers.

Most doujin works are fan works that reuse characters, settings, or franchises from established media, created without official permission. They can also be original creations by the circle. Content spans romance, action, humor, and drama, with a substantial subset of works devoted to adult material, commonly referred to as hentai doujinshi. Doujin works are typically produced in limited runs and sold directly to fans rather than through conventional retailers.

Distribution is centered at fan conventions, especially Comiket (Comic Market) in Tokyo, one of the largest events for self-published works, as well as smaller conventions and online shops. At events, thousands of circles exhibit and sell new titles, often printed in brief runs. In recent years, digital distribution and fan-made online platforms have expanded accessibility while preserving the community-oriented culture.

Legally, doujin works operate in a gray area. They reuse copyrighted characters and settings, which can risk infringement, but they are generally tolerated when published on a small scale and sold within fan communities. Rights holders occasionally pursue action, though many creators rely on a practical tolerance. Doujin culture is recognized as a vibrant part of Japanese indie publishing, enabling experimentation and sometimes serving as a springboard to professional work.