dopaj

Dopaj, or doping, in sports refers to the use of substances or methods intended to enhance athletic performance beyond what is naturally possible, or to improve recovery. It is generally prohibited in organized competition and is subject to testing and sanctions under anti-doping rules.

Common substances and methods include anabolic steroids, peptide hormones such as growth hormone, erythropoietin (EPO), stimulants, diuretics, and masking agents. Methods such as blood doping (transfusions of stored blood), and emerging concepts like gene doping, are also regulated. The aim is to increase strength, endurance, speed, or recovery, often at the expense of health and fair play.

Regulation of doping is coordinated internationally by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with national anti-doping organizations enforcing the rules. The World Anti-Doping Code and the annual Prohibited List define what is banned and under what circumstances. Athletes are responsible for the substances they take, under a principle of strict liability, meaning a positive result can lead to sanctions even without intent to cheat.

Doping control relies on urine and sometimes blood testing, conducted in-competition and out-of-competition. Samples are analyzed in accredited laboratories, and adverse findings can lead to provisional suspensions, disciplinary actions, and disqualification or stripping of results and medals. The system also uses additional measures such as the Athlete Biological Passport to detect irregular biological patterns over time.

Debates around doping center on health risks, fairness, and the ethics of performance enhancement, alongside efforts to harmonize testing and enforcement to protect athletes and the integrity of sport.