dhutaga

Dhutanga, also spelled dhutaṅga, refers to a set of thirteen ascetic practices observed by some Buddhist monks, particularly within the Theravada tradition. The term derives from the Pali word "dhuta," which signifies shaking off, dispelling, or purifying. These practices are voluntary austerities aimed at cultivating detachment from worldly comforts and strengthening mindfulness and renunciation.

The thirteen dhutangas cover various aspects of monastic life. They include wearing robes made from discarded cloth (pāṃsukūla), wearing only three robes (tecīvara), begging for alms food (pindapāta), not skipping houses in alms rounds (yathāsanthatam), eating only one meal a day (ekāsanā), eating in one sitting (khāṇika), eating leftovers (khalupachābhatta), refusing later offerings, dwelling in a remote place (arañña), living under a tree (rukkhamūla), dwelling in the open (abbhokāsa), and sleeping in a cemetery (sosānikanga). The thirteenth dhutanga, meditating in a sitting posture (aṭṭhakaṅgika), is sometimes interpreted as a general practice of diligence.

Adherence to dhutanga is not mandatory for all monks. It is a path chosen by those who wish to deepen their practice of detachment and austerity, aligning with the Buddha's teachings on the cessation of suffering through non-attachment. These practices are seen as tools for overcoming sensual desires and cultivating mental clarity and equanimity. The emphasis is on self-discipline and the realization that true happiness comes from within rather than from external possessions or comforts.