dermatofity

Dermatophytosis, commonly known as tinea, is a fungal infection of keratinized tissues of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophyte fungi. The main genera are Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. These fungi digest keratin and colonize superficial layers of the epidermis.

Transmission occurs by direct skin-to-skin contact, indirect contact with infected objects, or through animals and soil. Infections are common in warm, humid environments and can be spread within households, sports teams, and schools.

Clinical forms include tinea pedis (foot), tinea cruris (groin), tinea corporis (body), tinea faciei (face), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea unguium (nails). Lesions are usually scaly, ring-shaped plaques with central clearing. Nails may become thickened and discolored.

Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance, supported by microscopic examination of skin scrapings with potassium hydroxide or fungal culture. Wood lamp examination can aid if Microsporum species are involved.

Treatment depends on site and extent. Topical antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole, azoles) are effective for most skin infections. Nail and scalp infections often require systemic antifungals for several weeks to months. Response is typically good but relapses are common.

Prevention includes keeping skin dry, avoiding sharing personal items, treating infected pets, and thorough cleaning of floors and gym equipment. Dermatophytosis affects people worldwide and can be recurrent, especially in contact sports and communal facilities.