delimitation

Delimitation is the act of establishing the boundaries of political districts, administrative units, or other jurisdictional limits. In politics and elections, delimitation refers specifically to drawing the lines that define electoral constituencies or districts. Delimitation differs from demarcation, which is the marking on the ground of the agreed boundary; delimitation is the planning and drawing of lines, while demarcation is the physical delineation.

Delimitation can apply to national or subnational levels for elections, taxation, or governance, as well as to maritime zones and international borders. Electoral delimitation aims to ensure fair representation, often balancing equal population and geographic contiguity, while protecting communities of interest and administrative practicality. The process typically involves independent or statutory commissions, the use of census and demographic data, public hearings, and legislative approval. Criteria may include population equality, respect for existing administrative boundaries, geographic features, and the preservation of minority or regional interests. The process must guard against manipulation, such as gerrymandering or malapportionment.

International law recognizes delimitation of borders and maritime zones as a means to resolve disputes, for example in the territorial sea and exclusive economic zones. Maritime delimitation often uses methods such as equidistance, proportionality, and consideration of relevant circumstances, with disputes resolved by negotiation, arbitration, or adjudication (e.g., international courts).

Delimitation is an ongoing practice in many countries, subject to legal reform, population change, and evolving norms about representation and border management.