constituencies

A constituency, electoral district, or riding is a geographic area that elects one or more representatives to a legislative body. The exact terminology and role vary by country, but the core idea is to connect voters with their elected representative.

In many parliamentary systems, each constituency elects a single member to the legislature, while some countries use multi-member constituencies that elect more than one representative. Boundaries are drawn by independent commissions or electoral authorities and are reviewed periodically to reflect population changes, with aims such as equal population size, contiguity, and respect for communities of interest. In some jurisdictions, a larger set of constituencies may exist at subnational levels.

Elections within a constituency determine the representative who serves in the legislature for a fixed term. The voting method depends on the system in use: some rely on first-past-the-post, others employ proportional representation or mixed systems that combine constituency results with regional lists.

Redistricting is the process of redrawing constituency boundaries and can affect political balance. It is commonly carried out after censuses and may be subject to legal constraints designed to prevent discrimination. Gerrymandering refers to manipulating districts to favor a particular party or group.

Examples include the United Kingdom’s constituencies for the House of Commons, the United States’ congressional districts, India's Lok Sabha constituencies, Canada's federal electoral districts, and Australia’s divisions. Constituencies are a foundational element of representative democracy, shaping the locality-based link between voters and government.