cronyism

Cronyism is the practice of granting favors, advantages, or opportunities to friends, family, or political allies rather than to those who are most qualified or deserving. It is a form of favoritism often observed in politics, business, and public administration.

The term originates from the word cronies, meaning close friends or associates; its use in English dates from the 18th or 19th century and has become associated with patronage and informal networks in decision making.

Forms and channels include political patronage in public appointments, awards, contracts, licenses, subsidies, and exemptions; and influence exerted over policy, regulation, or procurement processes.

Mechanisms such as the revolving door between government posts and private firms, informal networks, and lobbying can normalize cronyism by linking access to influence rather than merit alone.

The effects of cronyism are debated but commonly cited consequences include reduced meritocracy, distorted markets, wasted public resources, higher corruption risks, and diminished public trust in institutions.

Critics argue that cronyism undermines accountability and efficiency; proponents sometimes claim it can stabilize policies or reward loyal support, though empirical evidence varies.

Responses include transparency and disclosure requirements, competitive procurement, merit-based hiring, strict conflict-of-interest rules, independent oversight, ethics training, and whistleblower protections.

See also: nepotism, patronage, crony capitalism, regulatory capture, lobbying.