lobbying

Lobbying is the activity of attempting to influence decisions made by government officials, including legislators, regulators, and administrators, typically on legislation, policy, or public spending. It is conducted by individuals or organized interests such as corporations, trade associations, unions, NGOs, think tanks, and law firms. Lobbyists may present information, draft proposed language, offer technical expertise, arrange meetings, testify at hearings, and mobilize supporters to express views.

History: In modern democracies, lobbying became professionalized as access to decision-makers expanded. In the United States and Britain, organized interests formed associations and hired professional lobbyists in the 19th and 20th centuries, with reforms to increase transparency and accountability in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Methods: Direct lobbying targets lawmakers and government staff; indirect or grassroots lobbying seeks to mobilize public opinion; coalitions may combine resources; informational influence comes from research and policy analysis; political contributions are allowed in some systems through PACs or party donations. Lobbying activity is often complemented by litigation, advertising, and public campaigns.

Regulation and transparency: Many jurisdictions require lobbyists to register and disclose clients, expenditures, and issues pursued. Rules may restrict gifts, disclosure of meetings with officials, and employment of former public officials (revolving door).

Impact and critique: Proponents say lobbying channels expertise and represents diverse interests, improving policy quality and accountability. Critics argue it can privilege wealthy interests, create access gaps, and lead to policy capture; concerns about transparency and ethics remain central to reform debates.