nepotism

Nepotism is the practice of favoring relatives in hiring, promotion, or other advantageous treatment within organizations, institutions, or governments. It relies on kinship rather than merit and qualifications.

The word stems from the Latin nepōt-, nepōt-, meaning “nephew,” via Italian nepotismo. It gained historical prominence in the Catholic Church during the Renaissance, when popes appointed relatives to high offices, a pattern that contributed to the modern sense of nepotism.

In business, politics, media, and nonprofit sectors, nepotism can distort merit-based selection, harm morale, and create conflicts of interest. Some view it as enabling loyalty and continuity within family enterprises; others see it as reducing efficiency and accountability.

Organizations often adopt anti-nepotism policies that limit hiring relatives of executives or require disclosure and independent review. In public service, many jurisdictions bar hiring relatives of senior officials or mandate recusals and transparent processes. Governance measures include independent recruitment panels and codes of conduct. Nepotism is frequently discussed alongside cronyism and patronage.